Technique · arpeggios

121
milliseconds.

One number explains the most recognisable sound in melodic techno. Here it is, and here is what happens on either side of it.

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At 124 BPM
121 ms per note
At 130 BPM
115 ms per note
Reads as texture
Below ~160 ms
Reads as buzz
Below ~90 ms

The window

An arpeggio is a chord played one note at a time. In melodic techno it is almost always on the sixteenth-note grid, which at 124 BPM means a new note every 121 milliseconds.

That number sits inside a narrow perceptual window. Speed the sequence up past roughly 90 ms per note and your ear stops separating the notes — it becomes a buzzing timbre, which is how acid lines and hard-techno stabs work. Slow it past roughly 160 ms and it stops fusing into one moving object and becomes a riff you track note by note. Between the two you get both at once: a single shimmering texture in which you can still hear individual notes land. That double perception is the whole appeal, and it is why the sound did not exist as a genre signature before tempos settled in the 120s.

Register decides the emotion

The same arpeggio, same notes, same speed, voiced two octaves up reads as euphoric and voiced two octaves down reads as ominous. Producers at the bright festival end push it high and leave the top end open; the melancholic end puts it in the middle and rolls off everything above 8 kHz. Nothing about the notes changes.

Three ways producers keep it from getting boring

Slow filter movement. A low-pass filter creeping open across 64 bars means the same pattern is a different sound by the end.

Note-length modulation. Shortening the gate turns a flowing line into a stabbing one without changing a single note.

Delay in dotted-eighth time. At 124 BPM a dotted eighth is 363 ms. A delay set there produces a cross-rhythm against the straight sixteenths, which is where the sense of complexity in these records usually comes from.

Heard, not read

Everything above is description. The player at the top of this page is the thing itself — BALIMORE, written, produced and mixed by Steven Ran Cohen, free and with no sign-up. If the explanation was useful, four minutes of the music will be more so.

BALIMORE sets

Continuous 20–80 minute mixes, written, produced and mixed by Steven Ran Cohen.

Questions people actually ask

What is an arpeggio in techno?

A chord played one note at a time in sequence, normally on the sixteenth-note grid — a new note every 121 milliseconds at 124 BPM.

Why do arpeggios sound like one texture instead of separate notes?

Because around 120 milliseconds per note falls in the window where the ear both fuses the sequence into a single moving object and still registers individual notes. Faster than about 90 ms it becomes a buzz; slower than about 160 ms it becomes a riff.

Why does the same arpeggio sound happy in one track and dark in another?

Register and brightness. Voiced high with open high frequencies it reads as euphoric; voiced low and rolled off above 8 kHz it reads as ominous, with identical notes.

What delay time works with a sixteenth-note arpeggio?

A dotted eighth — 363 milliseconds at 124 BPM — because it creates a cross-rhythm against the straight sixteenths rather than doubling them.

More guides

Melodic Techno 124 BPMThe arithmeticLike Kevin de VriesBright arpsTechno KeysWhy minorAll guidesThe full index